Introduction to Earth System Sciences    (4- Credit, 40 hours)                            
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          - Earth System Science and Global Change  
  - Daisy world: An introduction to systems.                                          
  - Global Energy Balance  
  - Water Cycle (atmosphere and ocean)  
  - Oceans and Atmosphere Dynamics (Introduc tion)  
  - Global Carbon Cycle-I  
  - Recycling of Elements; C, N, O2, O3 depletion  
  - Global Biogeochemical Cycle- oceans  
  - Short/Long term Climate regulations  
  - Short-term Climate variability, Global Warming 
   
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          Offerred to Trainee  Scientists and MRFP JRFs 
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          Ocean General Circulation (4- Credit, 40 hours) 
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          - Properties of Sea Water
  - Temperature, Salinity, Density, Pressure
  - Dynamic Topography, Sterric Height
  - General Circulation of Indian Ocean
  - General Circulation of Pacific Ocean
  - El Nino-La Nina, Indian Ocean Dipole Mode
   
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          Offerred to JRFs
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          Large Scale Air-Sea Interaction (4- Credit, 40 hours) 
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          - Turbulence Theory
  - Micro and Macro Length and Time Scales of Turbulence
  - Universal Law of Wall and Monin Obukhopf Similarity Theory
  - Planetary Boundary Layer and Ocean Mixed Layer
 - Bulk approximation to momentum and heat fluxes
  - Response of the Ocean to large scale wind forcing; The Tropics
  - Response of the Atmosphere to large scale ocean heating: The Tropics
 - Convectively Coupled Waves in the Tropical Belt
  - El Nino-La Nina, Indian Ocean DIpole Mode
   
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          Offerred to JRFs
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          Ocean Biogeochemical Cycles              (2- Credit, 20 hours) 
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          - Chemical composition of the ocean                                 
  - Conservation of tracers in the ocean                             
  - Organic Matter Production                                                 
  - Phytoplankton, Zoo plankton and bacteria                     
  - Ecosystem processes and role of Light                        
  - Ecosystem models, N-P, N-P-Z and N-P-Z-D models    
  - Export production, regenerated production                  
  - New production, e-ratio, f-ratio and remineralization
  - Carbon Cycle, Solubility pump, biological pump 
  - Alkalinity of ocean and ocean acidification 
  - Air-sea gas exchange and oceanic pCO2  
  - Calcium Carbonate cycle and global climate:  
  - Carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle
  
  
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          Offerred to M.Sc.  students of  SP Pune University 
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